Environment, Energy and Technology

The interplay between environment, energy, and technology is crucial in addressing the challenges of sustainable development. As the world grapples with climate change, resource depletion, and environmental degradation, the need for innovative technologies that promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources has never been more pressing. This dynamic relationship not only influences how we produce and consume energy but also shapes policies and practices aimed at protecting our planet for future generations. By harnessing technology to create cleaner energy solutions, we can work towards a more sustainable and resilient environment.

Technology

Technology refers to the tools, systems, and methods that humans create to solve problems and improve our lives. It is the practical aspect of science. Change in technology leads to change in business strategy. All types of businesses from small to large use technology in their operations since it enhances productivity. The success of modern businesses largely depends on the effectiveness of the technology that they have employed. Investment in new technology is one of the most critical decisions of a manager as it involves an intensive cost-benefit analysis.

Components of Technological Environment

The technological environment consists of various components that influence how businesses operate and innovate. Here are the key components:

Levels of Technology

• Manual Technology: It relies on human effort to complete tasks without machines. This means people use their hands and basic tools, like hammers and saws, to get work done. While this approach allows for creativity and craftsmanship, it can be slow and labor-intensive, requiring a lot of physical effort and skill from workers.
• Mechanized Technology: It introduces machines to help with tasks, making work easier and faster. For example, tractors in farming and conveyor belts in factories reduce the amount of manual labor needed. Although humans still operate these machines, they can accomplish more in less time, improving efficiency and productivity.
• Automated Technology: It takes things a step further by using machines that can operate on their own with little human help. This includes things like automated assembly lines where products are made without constant supervision. Automation increases efficiency and consistency, allowing businesses to produce more while reducing errors and labor costs.
• Computerized Technology: It uses computers and software to manage tasks and processes. This means that businesses can analyze data, design products, and control operations more effectively. With tools like design software and data management systems, companies can make better decisions and adapt quickly to changes, leading to improved performance.
• Robotized Technology: It involves using robots to perform specific tasks, often in environments where precision or safety is crucial. For instance, robots can assemble products in factories or operate in dangerous areas where humans cannot go. These machines can work quickly and accurately, greatly enhancing productivity and allowing for complex tasks to be completed efficiently.

Pace of Technological Change

The pace of technological change is how fast new technologies are created and used, and it can be different in various industries. Several factors influence this speed. For example, when consumers quickly change what they want, companies may rush to develop new products to meet those needs. In competitive markets, businesses often innovate rapidly to stay ahead of their rivals. Government rules and policies can also affect this pace, either speeding it up or slowing it down. Lastly, the amount of money and effort a company puts into research and development (R&D) plays a big role in how quickly they can create and launch new technologies.

Technology Transfer

It is the way technology is shared or passed from one organization or country to another. This can happen in several ways. For example, companies can make licensing agreements that let others use their patented technology in return for payments called royalties. They might also form joint ventures, where two or more companies collaborate to create and sell new technologies. Additionally, organizations can partner with universities or research groups to help develop new ideas and technologies. Finally, training and education are important parts of technology transfer, as they involve teaching others the skills and knowledge needed to use or create technology effectively.

Research and Development Budget

It is the budget by the government or business organization for technological adaptation, gradation, and development. The R&D budget of the government and the private sector is very low in Nepal.

Business and Technology

Modern businesses cannot exist without technology because it is essential for everyday tasks, communication, and customer connection. It helps companies manage their work, analyze information, and use social media and online shopping to reach people. It makes work easier and more efficient, allows employees to work from home, and keeps important data safe from cyber threats. As technology keeps changing, businesses that use these tools will have a better chance to grow and succeed in a competitive world.

Human Factors and Technology

There must be a close match between technology and the human factor for better effectiveness. This means that technology should be easy to use and designed with people’s needs in mind. When tools are user-friendly, employees can work more efficiently and feel more confident in their tasks. Providing training and support helps people understand how to use technology properly, which leads to better results. Additionally, technology should encourage teamwork and communication, making it easier for people to collaborate, whether they are in the same place or working remotely. By listening to feedback and making improvements, businesses can ensure that technology works well for everyone, leading to a happier and more productive work environment.

Present Level of Technology in Nepalese Business

Technology is the practice of putting knowledge into practice. The development of industry and business in any country largely depends on the adoption and technological development. The developed countries in the world are technologically strong.

Types of Technology in Nepal

In Nepal, different types of simple technologies have been in practice since a long back. Nepalese technology may be categorized into traditional and modern technologies.

Traditional Technology

The different technologies in Nepal are:

Agricultural Practices

Traditional farming techniques, such as terrace farming, are widely used in hilly regions. Farmers rely on simple tools like plows made from wood or iron, and they often practice organic farming methods that have been used for centuries.

Craftsmanship

Nepal is known for its skilled artisans who create handmade products. Traditional crafts include pottery, weaving, wood carving, and metalwork. These crafts often use locally sourced materials and techniques that have been refined over time.

Architecture

Traditional Nepali architecture is characterized by its unique styles, such as pagoda roofs and intricate woodwork. Many temples, houses, and palaces reflect the rich cultural heritage and are built using local materials like stone and timber.

Medicinal Practices

Traditional medicine, including Ayurveda and herbal remedies, is still widely practiced in Nepal. Many people rely on natural herbs and plants for healing, using knowledge passed down through generations.

Water Management

Traditional water management systems, such as the use of stone spouts and irrigation channels, are common in many communities. These systems help manage water resources effectively, especially in agricultural areas.

Cultural Practices

Traditional technologies are often linked to cultural rituals and practices. For example, the use of handmade musical instruments in festivals and ceremonies reflects the importance of music in Nepali culture.

Transportation

In rural areas, traditional means of transportation, such as bullock carts and wooden boats, are still used. These methods are well-suited to the local terrain and are often more sustainable than modern vehicles.

Modern Technology

Nepal is rapidly evolving and has begun to transform various sectors, enhancing efficiency and connectivity. The types of modern technologies used in Nepal may be mentioned in the following points:

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

The rise of the internet and mobile phones has changed how people communicate. Many people use mobile phones, and more people have access to the internet, which helps them connect and find information easily.

E-Governance

The government in Nepal is using digital tools to improve public services. E-governance allows people to access government services online, making it easier to apply for permits or pay taxes.

E-Commerce

Online shopping is becoming popular in Nepal. This allows businesses to sell their products to customers far away, creating new opportunities for both sellers and buyers.

Renewable Energy

Modern technologies in Nepal include using renewable energy sources like solar and hydropower. Many rural areas are using solar panels to get electricity, which helps more people access energy.

Education Technology

Digital tools are being used in schools, such as online learning platforms and educational apps. This has become especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing students to continue learning from home.

Healthcare Technology

Telemedicine and health apps are becoming more common, allowing patients to talk to doctors online. This is especially helpful in rural areas where it can be hard to reach a hospital.

Transportation Technology

New transportation options, like ride-sharing apps and better roads, are making travel easier. Electric vehicles are also being introduced to help reduce pollution.

Agricultural Technology

Modern farming methods, such as using drones to check crops and mobile apps for weather updates, are being used to help farmers grow more food and work more efficiently.

Technology Transfer Issues

It refers to the process of sharing or transferring technologies from one organization, country, or sector to another. While it can lead to significant advancements and improvements, there are several issues and challenges associated with technology transfer, especially in developing countries like Nepal. The problems encountered in the transfer of technologies are:

Lack of Infrastructure

Many areas may not have the basic facilities, like reliable electricity, internet, or good roads, needed to support new technologies. This can make it hard to use the transferred technology effectively.

Skill Gaps

There may not be enough trained workers who know how to use and take care of new technologies. Training is important so that local people can use the technology well.

Cultural Differences

Different cultures may have different views on technology. If the new technology doesn’t fit with local customs or ways of doing things, people might resist it or not use it much.

Intellectual Property Rights

Issues about who owns the technology can make it hard to share. Companies may be worried about protecting their ideas and inventions.

Financial Constraints

The cost of getting and using new technology can be high. Many organizations may find it hard to get the money they need to invest in technology transfer.

Regulatory Barriers

Government rules and policies can help or make it harder to transfer technology. Complicated regulations can create problems for companies trying to introduce new technologies.

Limited Research and Development

Sometimes, there may not be enough local research and development to adapt and improve the new technology, which can limit its usefulness.

Sustainability Concerns

New technologies may not always be suitable for the local environment or community. It’s important to think about how the technology will work in the long run.

Dependency Issues

Relying too much on foreign technology can create a dependency, making it hard for local businesses to come up with their own ideas and solutions.

Elements of Technology Transfer

Technology transfer involves several key elements that help ensure the successful sharing and implementation of technology from one place or organization to another. The following are the basic elements of technology transfer:

Technology Identification: This means finding and choosing the right technology that needs to be shared. It’s important to pick technology that will help the receiving organization or community.

Assessment of Needs: Understanding what the receiving party needs is very important. This helps figure out how the technology can be changed or adjusted to fit local conditions.

Partnerships and Collaboration: Building good relationships between the technology provider and the receiver is essential. This can involve working together with universities, businesses, government agencies, and non-profit organizations.

Training and Capacity Building: Providing training for local users is crucial. This ensures that people know how to use and take care of the technology properly.

Adaptation and Localization: The technology may need to be changed to fit local conditions and culture. This can mean modifying the technology or creating new ways to use it that work better in the local area.

Intellectual Property Management: It’s important to address issues about who owns the technology. Clear agreements should be made to protect the rights of both the provider and the receiver.

Funding and Resources: Getting financial support and resources is necessary for successful technology transfer. This can include grants, investments, or partnerships that provide the needed money.

Monitoring and Evaluation: After the technology is shared, it’s important to check how it is being used and see if it is working well. This helps find any problems and measure how successful the technology transfer is.

Sustainability: Making sure that the technology can be used and maintained over a long time is very important. This means considering environmental, social, and economic factors to ensure the technology works well in the local context.

Feedback Mechanisms: Setting up ways to get feedback from users can help improve the technology and how it is used. This allows for ongoing improvements based on real experiences.

Science and Technology (S&T) Policy – 2005

The Science and Technology Policy, 20005 of Nepal aims to alleviate poverty by uplifting the living standard of the people and building national capacity by strengthening the S&T sector.

Long Term Vision

• To uplift the living standard of the people of Nepal through research and development, and improvement, expansion, and utilization of proper S&T in a sustainable way.
• To utilize the S&T sector towards the national goal of poverty alleviation by mobilizing physical, human, and academic foundation of S&T through creative and institutional development.

Objectives

• To contribute towards the national goal of poverty alleviation by uplifting the living standard of the people of Nepal through the development and utilization of S&T.
• To increase national capacity through institutional strengthening of S&T sector, and increase human resource development and utilization.
• To increase competitive capacity of production and service sectors through research and development of S&T, and utilization of suitable technology.

Strategies

• To institutionalize the participation of stakeholders in the development of the S&T sector with the mobilization of the academic and private sectors.
• To mobilize available resources in the S&T sector to the maximum extent, and establish additional new structures and organization as per the need.
• To encourage Universities, science institutes, and individuals involved in research works and produce high-level scientists by giving high priority to S&T subjects in the academic curriculum up to the highest level.
• To enhance the quality of hydrology and meteorology through the use of modern technology.
• To integrate research and development works with competitive capacity development in the S&T sector.

Policy and Working Policies

• A scientific laboratory and scientific conference building of national standards will be constructed.
• Public understanding of S&T will be enhanced.
• Create a system of competitive grants to fund innovative research projects in various scientific fields, encouraging researchers to pursue groundbreaking studies.
• Implement initiatives to promote Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education in schools and universities, fostering a new generation of scientists and technologists.
• Establish technology incubators to support startups and entrepreneurs in developing and commercializing innovative technologies, providing mentorship, resources, and networking opportunities.
• Develop a robust framework for protecting intellectual property rights to encourage innovation and ensure that inventors and researchers can benefit from their work.
• Encourage partnerships between the government, private sector, and academic institutions to collaborate on research projects, technology development, and commercialization efforts.
• Create a centralized information system to collect, manage, and disseminate data related to scientific research, technological advancements, and innovation activities in the country.
• Encourage open access to scientific research and data sharing among researchers, institutions, and the public to foster collaboration and accelerate scientific discovery.
• Launch public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about current scientific issues, technological advancements, and their implications for society, promoting informed public discourse.
  

Information Technology Policy, 2010

The Information Technology Policy, 2010 has been brought to make information technology accessible to the general public and to create a knowledge-based society.

Vision

To place Nepal on the global map of information technology within the next five years.

Objectives

• To make information technology accessible to the general public and increase employment through this means,
• To build a knowledge-based society, and
• To establish knowledge-based industries.

Strategies

• The government shall act as a promoter, facilitator, and regulator of the IT sector.
• IT service exports are targeted to reach 10 billion rupees within five years.
• Investment will be made in high-speed internet, data centers, and technology parks.
• E-governance will be implemented to enhance efficiency and transparency in services.
• Training programs will be launched to improve the skills of the IT workforce.
• Research and innovation will be supported through grants and incentives.
• Public-private partnerships will be fostered for collaborative IT projects.
• A supportive environment for IT entrepreneurship will be promoted.
• Awareness campaigns will educate the public on the benefits of adopting IT.
• A monitoring framework will be established to evaluate the effectiveness of IT initiatives.

Policy

The following policies are proposed for the implementation of the aforesaid strategies:

• To declare the information technology sector as a priority sector.
• To adopt a one-window system for facilitating development in the field of information technology.
• To promote the establishment of IT parks and technology incubators across the country.
• To enhance the availability and accessibility of high-speed internet nationwide.
• To support the development of human resources through training and capacity-building programs in IT.
• To implement e-governance initiatives to improve public service delivery and transparency.
• To encourage research and development in emerging technologies.
• To establish a framework ensuring the security and privacy of information and data.
• To promote the use of IT in various sectors, including education, health, and agriculture.
• To establish regular monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess the progress of IT initiatives and policies.
• To establish a National Information Technology Centre.

Impact of Technology on Nepalese Business

The integration of technology in Nepalese businesses has brought about significant changes across various sectors. A business should make technology an important part of its operation since it exerts several positive impacts. However, it is not free from limitations or negative impacts.

Positive Impacts

The following are the positive impacts of technology in the development of business:

Productivity

Technology helps businesses work faster and more efficiently. By using tools like software and apps, companies can automate repetitive tasks, which saves time and reduces errors. For example, instead of manually tracking sales, a business can use a digital system to do it automatically. This means employees can focus on more important work, leading to higher overall productivity.

Competitive Advantage

When businesses use technology, they can stand out from their competitors. With access to data and analytics, companies can understand their customers better and make smarter decisions. For instance, a business can analyze sales trends to know what products are popular and adjust their offerings accordingly. This ability to adapt quickly gives them an edge over others who may not be using technology as effectively.

Innovation

Technology encourages new ideas and creativity in businesses. With the right tools, companies can develop new products and services that meet the changing needs of customers. For example, a tech-savvy company might create a mobile app that makes it easier for customers to shop online. This focus on innovation helps businesses stay relevant and attract more customers.

Increase in Profit

Using technology can lead to higher profits for businesses. By improving efficiency and cutting down on costs, companies can keep more of their earnings. For example, an online store can reach customers all over the country without needing a physical shop, which saves money on rent. Additionally, better marketing through technology can help attract more customers, leading to increased sales and profits.

Customer Value

Technology improves the experience customers have with a business. With digital tools, companies can offer personalized services, such as recommendations based on past purchases. This makes customers feel valued and understood. Moreover, businesses can respond to customer inquiries quickly through online chat or social media, which enhances satisfaction and builds loyalty.

Negative Impacts

The following are the negative impacts of technology on business:

Capital Burden

Buying new technology can be very expensive for businesses, especially for smaller ones. The costs of getting new machines, software, and setting up systems can put a lot of financial pressure on them. Many small businesses might find it hard to pay for these things, which can make it tough for them to compete with larger companies.

Threat of Quick Replacement

Technology changes very fast, so what is new and useful today might be old and useless tomorrow. Businesses that spend a lot of money on a certain technology might have to replace it sooner than they planned. This constant need to buy the latest gadgets can make it hard for companies to keep up and can lead to extra stress about spending money.

Increase in Cost

Even though technology can help businesses work better, it can also lead to higher costs in other ways. For example, businesses need to spend money to keep their technologies running, like paying for software updates and fixing machines. They also have to train their workers to use new technologies, which can add to their expenses.

Need for Skilled Manpower

As businesses use more advanced technologies, they need workers who know how to use it well. This means there is a demand for skilled workers, but there may not be enough people with the right skills available. Companies might have a hard time finding and keeping these skilled workers, which can lead to competition for talent and higher salaries.

Natural Environment in Nepal

Forests

Forests cover about 40% of Nepal’s land and are very important for the environment and people. They are home to many plants and animals, including some endangered species like the Bengal tiger and the one-horned rhinoceros. The types of forests change with altitude: tropical forests are found in the low Terai region, while the mid-hills have subtropical and temperate forests, and the higher areas have coniferous forests. These forests provide resources like wood for building, fuel for cooking, and plants for medicine. They also help prevent soil erosion and keep the climate stable. Many communities in Nepal manage their forests, which helps them use resources sustainably while protecting the environment.

Water

Nepal has a lot of water resources, mainly from its many rivers that come from the Himalayas. Major rivers like the Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali are essential for both nature and people. Nepal has great potential for hydropower, which is energy generated from flowing water. It is estimated that the country can produce over 80,000 megawatts of hydropower, making it one of the best places for this type of energy. This renewable energy is crucial for powering homes and businesses. Additionally, rivers are used for irrigation, especially in the Terai region, where farming is common. Proper management of water resources is important to ensure they are used wisely and to prevent problems like flooding.

Minerals

Nepal has various minerals, including limestone, dolomite, copper, iron ore, and gold. Limestone is especially important because it is used to make cement, which is needed for construction and building projects. Although there is a lot of potential for mining in Nepal, the industry is still developing. There are efforts to explore and extract minerals in a way that protects the environment. Mining can help the economy by creating jobs and providing materials for different industries. However, it is essential to manage mining activities carefully to avoid harming the environment and to ensure that local communities benefit from these resources. The areas where minerals are found are as follows:

1. Iron ore: Fulchoki, Labdikhola, Those, Jirwang
2. Copper: Bhotekhola, Gyaji, Arkhaule, Nengre, Waspa
3. Mica: Bajhang, Chainpur, Doti, Bhojpur, Lamjung, Nuwakot, Dhankuta
4. Limestone: Chovar, Jogimara, Bhaise, Rasuwa
5. Lead: Arkhaule, Durlung, Rasuwa, Baglung
6. Coal: Dang, Salyan, Kathmandu, Chitwan

Energy Situation in Nepal

Energy Consumption and Sources

• Total Energy Consumption: In 2019/2020, Nepal’s total energy consumption was approximately 14.464 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe), up from 10.29 Mtoe in 2012.
• Electricity Consumption: The electricity consumption was around 3.57 terawatt-hours (TWh), with about 23% of this electricity imported, primarily from India.
• Energy Mix:
  • Traditional Sources: Dominated by biomass (68.7%), including firewood and agricultural residues.
  • Commercial Sources: Petroleum and coal account for 28.2% of energy consumption.
  • Renewable Sources: Hydropower is the primary renewable source, with significant potential for expansion.

Hydropower Potential

• Hydropower Capacity: Nepal has an estimated hydropower potential of around 83,000 megawatts (MW), with 45,000 MW considered economically viable.
• Current Development: As of 2022, Nepal had an installed capacity of 2,100 MW, with ongoing projects expected to increase this capacity significantly.
• Export Potential: During the wet season, Nepal exports surplus hydroelectricity to India, contributing to regional energy security.

Renewable Energy Initiatives

• Solar Energy: Nepal has favorable solar resources, receiving about 300 days of sunshine annually. The government plans to develop a large-scale 250 MW solar project in the Tarai plains.
• Wind Energy: Although Nepal has substantial wind energy potential (estimated at over 3,000 MW), development has been limited due to inadequate policies and investment.
• Biogas: There is significant potential for biogas production, particularly in rural areas, which can help reduce reliance on traditional biomass and improve health outcomes.

Petroleum Products in Nepal

• Types of Petroleum Products: The primary petroleum products consumed in Nepal include:
  • Gasoline: Used mainly in transportation.
  • Diesel: Widely used for transportation and in agriculture.
  • Kerosene: Commonly used for cooking and lighting in rural areas.
  • Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Increasingly popular for cooking due to its convenience and cleaner-burning properties.
• Dependence on Imports: Nepal relies heavily on imports for its petroleum needs, primarily from India. This dependence poses challenges related to supply security and price volatility.

Energy Management Issues in Nepal

Nepal faces several energy management challenges that impact its development and sustainability. Some of the challenges are:

Dominance of the Forestry Sector

In Nepal, forests are a major source of energy, especially for cooking and heating. Many people, particularly in rural areas, rely on firewood from forests. While this is important for daily life, it can lead to deforestation and environmental problems if not managed sustainably.

Far Below Exploitation of Energy Sources

Nepal has a lot of potential for renewable energy, especially from rivers (hydropower). However, the country is not using this potential to its fullest. Only a small amount of the available hydropower has been developed, and other renewable sources like solar and wind are also underutilized. This means there isn’t enough energy available for everyone, which limits economic growth and development.

High Dependency on Petroleum Products

Nepal relies heavily on imported petroleum products, such as oil and gas, mainly from India. This dependence makes the country vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply disruptions. When global oil prices rise or there are political issues, it can lead to shortages and higher costs for consumers.

Poor Access for Rural People

Many rural areas in Nepal do not have reliable access to electricity. People in these regions often depend on traditional fuels like firewood for cooking and heating. This lack of access to modern energy services makes it difficult for them to improve their living conditions, pursue education, and develop businesses.

Expensive Energy

Energy costs in Nepal can be quite high, especially due to the reliance on imported fuels. This makes it challenging for many families to afford energy, particularly in rural areas where incomes are lower. High energy prices can also hurt businesses and slow down economic development.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the interplay between environment, energy, and technology is vital for sustainable development in Nepal. The country faces significant challenges, including a heavy reliance on forestry for energy, underutilization of its vast renewable energy potential, high dependency on imported petroleum products, poor access to energy in rural areas, and rising energy costs. To address these issues, Nepal must invest in innovative technologies, enhance energy efficiency, and promote renewable energy sources. By doing so, it can create a more sustainable and resilient energy system that supports economic growth and improves the quality of life for all its citizens.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Related Notes

• Socio-Cultural Environment
• Concept of Business Environment